Archive for July, 2009

Why does cutting onions make you cry?

Having been an avid cook for several years, I’ve lived through the pleasant experience of rivers of tears involuntarily gushing out of my eye sockets on the occasions I peel and cut my own onions or shallots many times. But what’s the phenomenon that so brings us to tears? It seems that it’s just our body reacting to some fun chemistry. Here’s a more detailed explanation.Onions are of the genus Alliumfreeimages.co.uk food images, which also encompasses plants such as garlic and chives.  On cutting these vegetables open, two substances are liberated: sulfoxides, which are volatile organic molecules responsible for the flavors of the onion; and the allinases, which are enzymes, as the suffix suggests.

These enzymes, like the tricky rascals they are, transform the sulfoxydes into a third scoundrel on contact with air -highly unstable sulfenic acid. In turn, this summarily converts to a fourth substance called  (take a deep breath) propanethial-S-oxyde. This is actually a delightful mélange of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfuric acid, and it propagates through the air around your dutiful culinary head and evokes the familiar tear reflex. This reaction is simply an involuntary defense mechanism which attempts to dilute and flush out the malevolant cocktail now aggregating on your eyeball.

There are a few techniques you can employ to minimise this odious occurence. Chopping an onion underwater deprives it of the oxygen needed to complete its devious eye-hating conversions; chilling or cooking the onion makes the process more agreeable as well. You can also turn on a fan to physically blow away the contemptible fumes. Or, if you’re intense enough, you could perhaps keep a pair of anti-onion fume goggles in the kitchen to form an air-tight and virtually impermeable optical sanctuary.

What’s the slowest animal?

The slowest animParesseuxal in the world is the sloth!

This fact isn’t too difficult to except, seeing as how these fellows spend an overwhelming majority of their time sleeping (20 hours per day) and feed exclusively on leaves sorely destitute of nutritional value. So sloths aren’t horribly lively; indeed, they move at the catatonic pace of around 12 meters an hour! It would take the finest specimen of sloth 83 hours to travel 1 kilometer. For this reason, you will most likely only ever encounter an upside-down, tree-suspended sloth, as their slow speed necessitates that they seek out the shelter of lofty trees markedly lacking in predators, which predominately prefer to meander about on the ground.

Your average sloth will only descend from his leafy home around every 10 days to defecate.

Sources :

The origin of coffee?

AccordiCaféng to historical discoveries, coffee first appeared in Ethiopia (more precisely, in the province of Kaffa) in the east of Africa. It seems that the locals of this region have been getting jittery with it since about the 8th century. These Ethiopians then summarily introduced the delightful caffeinated concoction to Yemen, but it wasn’t imported to the Orient until the 15th century. The city of Moka in Yemen, situated on the ideal trading spot alongside the Red Sea, transformed into the first important coffee port by the mid 15th century.

As for Europe, the importation and consumption of coffee commenced around the 16th century.

There are about 60 types of coffee; however, only two of these are regularly cultivated as ingredients in the ambrosial drink, those being the Arabica and the Robusta (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora). Arabica is a small and extremely fragile plant whose fine, complex aroma is enhanced in proportion with the altitude at which its grown; fields of Arabica plants are scattered throughout South America and oriental Africa. The Robusta is a relatively stalwart and resistant plant and is capable of maturing in both tropical regions and at comparitively low altitudes.

A good coffee generally consists of 90 to 95% Arabica bean and 5 to 10% Robusta. The sensuous texture and musty fragrance of the latter allow for a thicker cream and a more striking and acute taste, making it an ideal ingredient for espressos and ristrettos. But note well, coffee blending is a fervently contentious domain, with its own sets of zealous purists (usually advocates of 100% Arabica cuppa’s) and visionary avante-garde experimenters.

Sources : Revue Nespresso, Wikipédia.
Image : La lène

That musky, cozy smell of rain

Ah, summer: sunny days, heavy storms. Sniff sniff.. smell that? That delightful rainy odor?

freeimages.co.uk nature images“Oh please, rain is simply water, which has absolutely no odor to speak of”, you say. Indeed you’re right! But it’s not the rain that smells rainy, but rather the soil;  more precisely, that beloved characteristic smell is  attributed to an organic compound named geosmin, produced by the bacteria Streptomyces coelicolor (how I adore biology and its poetic monikers!).

What’s more, the human nose is ultra sensitive to this molecule- the infinitesimal amount of a few nanogams is sufficiently strong for our olfactive apparatus to register.

This discovery is due to six years of research by a team of chemists at Brown University. You might suppose that knowing that geosmin is responsible for that musky smell wouldn’t really advance humanity; au contraire, finding easier and more efficient ways of detecting the molecule has lead to the development of quicker ways of rendering water potable.

And that’s already much more scientific than your grandfather’s prescient rhumatism foreseeing the falling of rain.

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On the origins of body piercing..

In our time, it’s common to see someone spontaneously getting a piercing simply for it’s aesthetic appeal. However, piercing has an astoundingly ancient origin and has even been assimilated into rituals within certain tribes.

freeimages.co.uk photos of objectsEar piercing: The story goes that sailors would don a golden earing so that they might sell it to finance their rescue in the event of a shipwreck. It’s also said that holes in the ear stimulate an acupunctural point thought to ameliorate vision, but this hasn’t been verified.

Nostril piercing has originated principally in India where it was reserved for the superior castes, particularly fiancés. In this case, the prenuptial couple would wear a small chain linking the nose piercing to an earring worn on the same side. This getup would be summarily taken off after the marriage ceremony.

Mayan and Aztec stories were already recounting tales of priests who would pierce their tongues to facilitate better communication with the gods. The origin of piercing the lips also comes from these two illustrious civilizations, who would adorn their fissured lips with jewels. In Central and South America, certain tribes pierce their lower lips and then largen the hole so that it might comfortably fit a decorative wooden plate display.

Piercing of the central strip of cartilage in the nose comes from New Guinea where the Papuans decorate this prized aperture with an ornament made of bone or wood.

Navel piercing seems to come from Egypt; only the pharoah and the royal family were permitted to wear it.

Piercing the nipple became popular thanks to Roman centurions. The guard closest to Ceasar bore a ring through his nipple fissure, a symbol of virility and great courage.

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Why do we toast?

A toast... by Omar G!.

Whether during the drinks before a meal or at the end of a meal, it’s pretty common for guests at a dinner party to toast while wishing each other good health.

This practice dates back to the Middle Ages. During this epoch,  it wasn’t too rare to die from being poisoned or from inadvertently ingesting some poison during a meal. To cut down on the risk, it was custom to touch your drinking glass against those of your fellow guests before drinking in order to pass a bit of the liquid from person to person. If the charming party-goer to whom you proposed to clink your respective glasses refused your offer, you could then be justified in having serious doubts about the contents of your drink. On the other hand, if they accept your humble invitation, then they will in turn gentlly hit their glass against yours. In this way, the respective guests could ascertain the loyalty of their fellow guests (or perhaps just the lack of homicidal tendencies) as well as generally feel more merry and at ease during the celebration knowing that their mortality won’t be tested during the course of the evening.

The expression ‘To health!’ associated with this gesture also comes from the same practice; if there is no poison in the glass, one consequently ‘wishes’ oneself good health by virtue of not incurring bad health. Today, however, toasting is usually more of a symbol of friendship rather than a skeptical search for sly murderers and deadly chemicals.

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Who has more bones, a child or an adult?

It seems that in this mighty battle, it’s the child who wins. A baby’s born with about 300 soft bones; on growing older, some of them harden and others join together. The disparity between the adult and child bone count is due to the fusion of the small bones in the child’s skull, vertabral column, coccyx bone, and pelvis. For example, the four nethermost vertebrae glue together to form the coccyx.

At the age of 20 there usually only remain about 206 distinct bones. Those of the hands and feet represent more than the majority – there are 27 bones in each foot, and 26 in each hand. 24 in the vertebral column, 24 in the ribs, 22 in the head…

The longest bone is undoubtedly the femur (50 cm long in a man 1.8 meters tall, or for the metrically challenged about 20 inches for a 6 foot man), with the smallest being the miniscule stirrup bone in the ear, which measures in at a mere 3mm.

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Why is pink for girls?

It’s fairly commRoseon to see pink versions of devices marketed specifically towards women, with all of the other models presumably reserved for the men. In particular, I’m thinking of the pink Smartphones and GPSs. If you’re anything like me, then you can get a bit tired of seeing the pink candy catalogs that are only for girls.. But thankfully, men also have the right to pink. The prevalent female attraction to pink has not only been proved, but it also seemingly has an explanation. Two researchers at the University of Newcastle gave a simple test to 208 English and Chinese volunteers. The test subjects were presented with two cards of differing colors and asked to choose between them. The results of this test revelead a global female preference for the color pink (more precisely, for variants of the warm colors red and pink).

The researchers asked themselves why this might be so and according to them, this preference is an evolutionary vestige. In tribal times, women were usually entrusted with picking out and collecting berries; that is, red and ripe berries against the generally green tint of the bushes that propped up the succulent fruit. This theory would suffice in explaining the results of the study.

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Why do we age?

To say that the very minute that you’re reading this article your body is aging would teach you absolutely nothing. Of course it is aging, but why is it happening? It’s a good question. Why exactly do we age?

The majority of people might reply that ‘life’ is just like that, but that’s most certainly a fallacious view. Bacteria, microbes, and viruses don’t age at all. Fancy that.

In fact, aging its concurrent processes are predominantely caused by one most unfortunate chain of events. The earth is situated at just the distance away from the sun that allowed for life to develop, which is a rather good thing as far as  things go, since it’s thanks to this fact that we all exist at all. However, the multicellular organisms that have flourished on our good blue sphere have inherited a cardio-respiratory system that required a constant stream of oxygen in order to survive. And that’s where the problem starts.

Oxygen is responsible for oxidation; in other words, oxygen is a natural poison that literally ‘destroys’ the atoms that it fixes to by stealing from them, little by little, their electrons. This phenomemom is for that matter also partly responsible for the formation of rust.

On breathing, we force oxygen to enter our lungs. This oxygen is then diffused through the entirety of our bodies, bathing our organs and allowing out body to function.

So then, with time, our body ‘oxidizes’ itself and it’s partly because of this that our bodies degrade over the years. Keep in mind however, that there’s a multitude of psychological and physical reasons playing a role in the destruction of the human organism.

But so why don’t bacteria age?

Bacteria and other unicellular organisms don’t have and don’t use a respiratory system. They have no need of oxygen in order to exist.

To conclude, remember to be a bit wary of the next person who tells you to ‘get a breath of fresh air’!

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Equestrian Statues

It’s always amusing to note how certain things are bursting with information even if you’re completely incognizant of it. That’s the case with equestrian statues. Yes, these statues do much more than display guano stains of various thickness depending on their location; they actually inform you of the cause of death of the mounted figure depicted on the horse.

- If the horse has its two front paws in the air, this signies that the warrior was has died in combat. A true hero then!

- If the equine has a single front leg raised, it means that the rider was pretty badly beaten up in the course of battle but managed to get out before breathing his last breath on the battlefield. But he eventually died of the wounds inflicted during the brawl. A fighter nonetheless!

- And if your ungulate has his four hooves firmly planted on the platform, then your rider has done nothing glorious enough to be commemorated. Doubtless, he was well-known in his time and he probably died old, riche, and pot-bellied, of a natural death (perhaps by the ‘fires of love’).

Finally, if you happen to encounter an equestrian statue that has 3 legs in the air, then the cavalier was about to be in for a nasty fall flat on his face. But this is nothing but a personal interpretation.

More seriously, try think of these categories the next time you come across a famous statue.

P.S.: It seems that certain sculpteurs scrapped this code which they considered to be rather veiled and far from tacit. Don’t be shocked to discover a statue that isn’t in line with the rule.